This tracker catalogues and analyses the measures adopted by European Union member states in response to the energy shock following the conflict in the Middle East. It is updated every two weeks in line with the evolution of the conflict and the policy responses it generates. The link is updated directly on the Jacques Delors Institute website.

Country categorisation

Each member state has been classified under one of three statuses: "active measures, under discussion, or no measure in place". Four countries were identified as being under discussion. The Netherlands, which has so far prioritised budgetary stability and anti-inflationary policy, has not yet translated this stance into concrete measures. Denmark and Luxembourg limited themselves to public communications calling on citizens to reduce energy consumption, without adopting any binding national measures. Slovakia presents a particular case: while measures have been implemented, they apply only to foreign vehicles transiting through national territory (supply limitations, surcharges on fuel) without any equivalent benefit for Slovak citizens. This asymmetry explains its classification as "under discussion" rather than among countries with active measures.

Furthermore, the majority of member states (23) participated in the release of strategic oil reserves coordinated by the International Energy Agency (IEA). This action was not counted as an active national measure, as it stems from a collective decision coordinated at international level rather than an individual government initiative. It is nonetheless listed under the "supply security" category for the 23 countries concerned.

Country profiles

Each country has an individual profile comprising: the governing political coalition and upcoming election dates, to contextualise policy choices against future electoral deadlines; the entry into force and announced end dates of measures, noting that ordinances may extend their duration beyond the initial deadline; and the estimated cost as announced by the government (some countries communicate a monthly cost, others a total cost over the duration of the measure).

The Timeline filter, available in the top right, allows comparison of the duration of announced measures across countries. The 2025 electricity mix for each country is sourced from Ember data, used systematically to ensure comparability across member states. This data allows assessment of the degree of dependence on fossil fuels — particularly gas — and therefore each country's relative vulnerability to the energy shock.

Measures page

Active measures have been grouped into eight categories: price caps (9 countries), including daily price ceilings, freezes or maximum fuel prices; fiscal measures (15 countries), specifically for the energy sector, including VAT cuts, excise duty reductions or tax hike deferrals; margin regulation (12 countries), via anti-speculation mechanisms, monitoring or commercial margin capping; sectoral measures, targeting the most exposed sectors such as transport, agriculture and fishing; social protection (10 countries), with household compensation or energy price freezes for households; sobriety and rationing (5 countries); supply security (23 countries); and electrification (3 countries), via incentives for electric vehicles, heat pumps or support for industrial electrification. The filters available in the top right allow each category to be isolated.

An additional filter distinguishes targeted measures from non-targeted measures. Targeted measures are those specifically aimed at low-income households or economically vulnerable sectors — for example, aid reserved for households below a certain income threshold, or a subsidy dedicated to small farms. Non-targeted measures apply to the entire population without distinction. Sectoral measures are, by definition, included in the category of targeted measures. Certain categories, such as supply security or margin regulation, are not covered by this filter, as their structural nature does not lend itself to a socio-economic targeting logic.

Prices page

Price data are sourced from the Weekly Oil Bulletin of the European Commission, chosen for its homogeneous coverage of all member states and its weekly frequency. Readings are presented at two dates: before the start of the conflict and at the latest available date, allowing measurement of pump price changes since the start of the crisis.

European Union

An aggregated dashboard, available in the top left, presents the EU's overall electricity mix in 2025 as well as the sum of amounts announced by member states, totalling €9.2 billion. This aggregated figure should be interpreted with caution: reporting practices vary considerably across countries, with some governments indicating a monthly cost, others a total amount over the duration of the measure, and others still a maximum spending ceiling that may not be fully mobilised. This heterogeneity limits strict comparability of amounts between member states.

Sources

The Sources tab lists all references used. Information has been systematically cross-checked between official public sources and national media to verify reliability. Temporal data reflects measures in force as of 7 April 2026, subject to extension by ordinance.

The data presented are sourced from public sources and cited media. This tracker is provided as part of the Jacques Delors Institute publication entitled: Iran War: the long-awaited wake-up call for Europe's energy transition?

Recommended citation: Moscovici, A., Nguyen, P.-V., "War in Iran: the long‑awaited wake‑up call for Europe's energy transition?", Policy Brief, Jacques Delors Institute, April 2026.

For any questions or additional information: [email protected]